POWER of meanings // MEANINGS of power
  • About
  • Introduction
  • Browse the book
    • All the pages alphabetically >
      • A >
        • (Ability and influence in) social and non-social power
        • Agency as "Wiggle Room"
        • Power: Against the Flow, with the Flow
      • B >
        • The Bad Other
      • C >
        • Compassion as a prerequisite for durable social change
        • The Costs of Order
      • D
      • E
      • F >
        • Foucault's "power is everywhere"
        • Free will
        • Are you free?
      • G
      • H >
        • How Buddhism Dissolves the Free Will Dilemma
      • I >
        • Intentionality and power
      • K
      • L >
        • "Power" in language
        • Limited resources and power
        • Louis XIV and Absolute Power
        • Louis XIV (abridged version)
      • M >
        • (Power and Powerlessness in) Madama Butterfly
        • "May" power
        • New Page
      • N >
        • The Nonlinear Path of Unlearning
      • O >
        • Once safety is secured
        • Order, Entropy, and the Limits of Power
      • P >
        • Power and powerlessness are intertwined
        • Power as ability
        • Power as influence
      • R >
        • Recognizing power’s complexity isn’t denying inequality
        • Responsibility Is Necessary, but Not Simple
        • Rethinking agency and responsibility
        • Rethinking Power: From Marx Through Critical Theory to the New Paradigm of Complexity
      • S >
        • Synonyms of power
      • T >
        • Theory of micro- and macropower
      • U
      • V >
        • Vysotsky's Coat
      • W >
        • What Cults Reveal About Human Freedom
        • What is power?
        • When Power Compensates for Powerlessness
        • Whose Disorder? On Entropy and Anthropocentrism
        • Why Influence Is Not the Whole Story of Power
        • Why This Project Is Scholarship: Interpretivism, Hypertext, and the Rhizome
    • Completed pages
  • Author
This project exists because I care about social change—and because I’m convinced it has to be pursued through compassion. Not compassion as a soft, sentimental mood, and not as an excuse to avoid conflict, but compassion as a discipline of perception: a cognitive, relational capacity that helps us see complex causality, resist the reflex to blame, and stay in contact with the full humanity of the people inside a problem (including ourselves). My working claim is that lasting change is more likely when it includes this capacity. Without it, movements and reforms too easily collapse into moral sorting, simplified stories, and “solutions” that create new harms while trying to fix old ones.

I’m using power as the main lens because talk about social change reliably brings power into view—sometimes explicitly, sometimes without naming it. We name it when we say “people in power,” “power imbalances,” or “the powerful.” We imply it whenever we talk about what is possible, who gets to decide, whose voice counts, what is permitted, what is punished, what is rewarded, and what consequences follow. Part of this project is tracing that hidden vocabulary—the ordinary ways we map ability, influence, and permission even when the word power never appears.

Conversations about social change can sound straightforward—identify the powerful, confront them, fix the imbalance—but real life rarely fits that script. Individuals and institutions can be genuinely harmful without being all-controlling; people can be both responsible and constrained; systems can reproduce suffering even when no single person is consciously aiming for that outcome.


So this is not a project about simple villains and simple fixes. It’s a project about seeing clearly enough to act effectively. That means taking suffering seriously while refusing to reduce people to labels. It means holding accountability and complexity together: naming harm without turning explanation into excuse, and pursuing change without treating compassion as naive or unserious. In practice, compassion here is what makes it possible to notice patterns—personal, cultural, institutional—that keep repeating even when intentions change.

A central assumption running through these pages is that no one is simply powerful or powerless. Most of the time, we are both at once—able in some ways, constrained in others; influential in one relationship, vulnerable in another. At the micro level—one interaction, in one moment—power can look one-sided: between two people in a specific situation, one may have the advantage and the other may not. But when we zoom out to the macro level, that picture usually doesn’t hold. Every interaction is embedded in a wider social reality: longer histories, roles, institutions, norms, and material conditions that distribute both ability and constraint. Power and powerlessness are intertwined, and they shift with context: a room, a role, a mood, a rule, a history between two people. When we ignore that shifting terrain, we tend to reach for blame as a substitute for understanding—and then we’re surprised when our interventions don’t hold.


I write in plain, vivid language for a broad, college-educated audience. The project is grounded in scholarship, but you don’t need a background in philosophy to follow it or to find it relevant. Some entries introduce key concepts and debates; others work through concrete situations, cultural stories, and real-life practices of attention and change. I use everyday examples on purpose—not to “dumb down” the topic, but to show where these dynamics already live in ordinary experience.

This website is where I’m writing a hypertext book: a nonlinear, evolving project made of interlinked pages. You can read it in whatever order is useful, and you can also return to it over time as it grows. If you want updates, you can follow my blog or even subscribe to my newsletter through my personal website.

If you’d like to explore this project further, a good place to start is the Introduction.
If you are interested in getting updates about this project (e.g., when new pages are published), please sign up for the newsletter on my main website.

I use AI tools as a kind of writing partner—to shape drafts, clarify arguments, and explore phrasing. But the ideas, perspectives, and direction are always my own. Every piece here is part of an evolving personal project. For more details about my use of AI, see here.
  • About
  • Introduction
  • Browse the book
    • All the pages alphabetically >
      • A >
        • (Ability and influence in) social and non-social power
        • Agency as "Wiggle Room"
        • Power: Against the Flow, with the Flow
      • B >
        • The Bad Other
      • C >
        • Compassion as a prerequisite for durable social change
        • The Costs of Order
      • D
      • E
      • F >
        • Foucault's "power is everywhere"
        • Free will
        • Are you free?
      • G
      • H >
        • How Buddhism Dissolves the Free Will Dilemma
      • I >
        • Intentionality and power
      • K
      • L >
        • "Power" in language
        • Limited resources and power
        • Louis XIV and Absolute Power
        • Louis XIV (abridged version)
      • M >
        • (Power and Powerlessness in) Madama Butterfly
        • "May" power
        • New Page
      • N >
        • The Nonlinear Path of Unlearning
      • O >
        • Once safety is secured
        • Order, Entropy, and the Limits of Power
      • P >
        • Power and powerlessness are intertwined
        • Power as ability
        • Power as influence
      • R >
        • Recognizing power’s complexity isn’t denying inequality
        • Responsibility Is Necessary, but Not Simple
        • Rethinking agency and responsibility
        • Rethinking Power: From Marx Through Critical Theory to the New Paradigm of Complexity
      • S >
        • Synonyms of power
      • T >
        • Theory of micro- and macropower
      • U
      • V >
        • Vysotsky's Coat
      • W >
        • What Cults Reveal About Human Freedom
        • What is power?
        • When Power Compensates for Powerlessness
        • Whose Disorder? On Entropy and Anthropocentrism
        • Why Influence Is Not the Whole Story of Power
        • Why This Project Is Scholarship: Interpretivism, Hypertext, and the Rhizome
    • Completed pages
  • Author